Dermal Fungicide Exposure at Realistic Field Rates Induces Lethal and Sublethal Effects on Juvenile European Common Frogs ( <i>Rana temporaria</i> )

Viticulture is one of the most pesticide-intensive agricultures in Europe, leading to a spatiotemporal overlap amphibian migration and pesticide applications. Because postmetamorphic, terrestrial stages are mostly neglected ecotoxicological studies, we investigated acute effects viticultural fungicides on juvenile common frogs (Rana temporaria). Tadpoles from an uncontaminated pond were placed enclosures 8 ponds with increasing degree contamination southwest Germany represent different aquatic exposure backgrounds. After metamorphosis, juveniles exposed soil contaminated 50% recommended field rates Folpan® 80 water dispersible granule (WDG) 500 suspension concentrate same amount folpet as active ingredient differing additives. 48 h, survival, body mass, behavior investigated. No effect background sensitivity could be detected. Acute led mean mortality 14% (13–17%, concentrate) 60% (17–100%, WDG) resulted adverse locomotor activity well feeding behavior. Moreover, results suggest that toxicity 2 tested formulations depends their identified may result severe impairments thus declines populations, more protective risk assessment pesticides needed for postmetamorphic amphibians ensure proper conservation populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1289–1297. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC behalf SETAC.